Real-time A* is a variation of A*.Search continues on the basis of choosing paths that have minimum values of f(node) = g(node) + h(node). However, g(node) is the distance of the node from the current node, rather than from the root node. Hence, the algorithm will backtrack if the cost of doing so plus the […]
By combining iterative-deepening with A*, we produce an algorithm that is optimal and complete (like A*) and that has the low memory requirements of depth-first search IDA* is a form of iterative-deepening search where successive iterations impose a greater limit on f(node) rather than on the depth of a node. IDA* performs well in problems […]
The Dempster-Shafer theory, also known as the theory of belief functions, is a generalization of the Bayesian theory of subjective probability.Whereas the Bayesian theory requires probabilities for each question of interest, belief functions allow us to base degrees of belief for one question on probabilities for a related question. These degrees of belief may or […]
The word “fuzzy” means “vagueness”. Fuzziness occurs when the boundary of a piece of information is not clear-cut. Fuzzy sets have been introduced by Lotfi A. Zadeh (1965) as an extension of the classical notion of set. Classical set theory allows the membership of the elements in the set in binary terms, a bivalent condition […]
Autonomous planning and scheduling: A hundred million miles from Earth, NASA’s Remote Agent program became the first on-board autonomous planning program to control the scheduling of operations for a spacecraft (Jonsson et al., 2000). Remote Agent generated plans from high-level goals specified from the ground, and it monitored the operation of the spacecraft as the […]
An agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its environment through sensors andSENSOR acting upon that environment through actuators. This simple idea is illustrated in Figure. A human agent has eyes, ears, and other organs for sensors and hands, legs, mouth, and other body parts for actuators. A robotic agent might have cameras […]
A rational agent should consider several key factors when making decisions at any given time: Perceptual Input: The current information from the environment, including sensory data, which helps the agent understand its surroundings. Knowledge Base: Prior knowledge about the environment, rules, and past experiences that inform decision-making. Goals: The objectives the agent aims to achieve, […]
In artificial intelligence, agents can be categorized into several types based on their characteristics and capabilities. Here are some of the main types: Simple Reflex Agents: These agents act solely based on the current percept, using condition-action rules (if-then statements). They don’t have memory of past states. Model-Based Reflex Agents: These agents maintain a model […]
Photodiode is a light detector semiconductor device that converts light energy into electric current or voltage which depends upon the mode of operation.The upper cut-off wavelength of a photodiode is given by; where, 𝜆𝑐 is the cut-off wavelength in nm and 𝐸𝑔 is the band gap energy in eV. A normal p-n junction diode allows […]
The LED is a PN-junction diode which emits light when an electric current passes through it in the forward direction. A P-N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current. The same process is reversed here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is applied to it). This phenomenon is […]
