A variety of measures of national income and output are used in economics to estimate total economic activity in a country or region, including gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), and net national income (NNI). All are specially concerned with counting the total amount of goods and services produced within some “boundary”. The boundary may be defined geographically, or by citizenship; and limits on the type of activity also form part of the conceptual boundary; for instance, these measures are for the most part limited to counting goods and services that are exchanged for money: production not for sale but for barter, for one’s own personal use, or for one’s family, is largely left out of these measures, although some attempts are made to include some of those kinds of production by imputing monetary values to them. Mr Ian Davies defines development as ‘Simply how happy and free the citizens of that country feel.
Formulae:
GDP(gross domestic product) at market price = value of output in an economy in a particular year – intermediate consumption
NNP at factor cost = GDP at market price – depreciation + NFIA (net factor income from abroad) – net indirect taxes